Marks the traditional beginning of the Middle Ages after the collapse of the Western Roman Empire.
Byzantine Emperor Justinian codifies Roman law and oversees the construction of the Hagia Sophia.
Prophet Muhammad's migration to Medina; the Islamic calendar begins.
Following Muhammad's death, the Rashidun Caliphate emerges as the first Islamic state.
Charles Martel halts the Muslim expansion into Western Europe.
Marks the revival of a centralized Christian empire in Western Europe.
Splits Christianity into the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches.
William the Conqueror defeats King Harold at the Battle of Hastings.
European Christians capture Jerusalem and establish Crusader states.
Saladin recaptures Jerusalem, a pivotal event in the Crusades.
Limits the power of the monarchy in England, a key moment in constitutional history.
European explorer documents his journey to Asia, connecting the continents.
Marks the end of Crusader rule in the Holy Land.
The devastating plague kills millions across Europe.
Ming Dynasty established, restoring Chinese rule after Mongol rule.
A period of division within the Catholic Church with multiple claimants to the Papacy.
Ottoman Turks capture Constantinople, ending the Byzantine Empire.
Spain completes the Reconquista by expelling Muslims from Granada.
Beginning of the Age of Exploration, changing global history forever.
Establishes a sea route connecting Europe and Asia, boosting trade and exploration.